Whether in north India or south India, Hindu or Muslim, urban or village, virtually all things, people, and social groups are ranked according to various essential qualities. Yet, amid the complexities of Indian life, widely accepted cultural themes enhance social harmony and order. Adding further variety to contemporary Indian culture are rapidly occurring changes affecting various regions and socioeconomic groups in disparate ways. Indian society is multifaceted to an extent perhaps unknown in any other of the world’s great civilizations-it is more like an area as varied as Europe than any other single nation-state. Differences between north India and south India are particularly significant, especially in systems of kinship and marriage. Diversities of ethnic, linguistic, regional, economic, religious, class, and caste groups crosscut Indian society, which is also permeated with immense urban-rural differences and gender distinctions. India offers astounding variety in virtually every aspect of social life.
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